{"id":589,"date":"2023-11-21T22:11:33","date_gmt":"2023-11-21T22:11:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.samplewebsitelink.com\/ordba\/?p=589"},"modified":"2023-11-21T22:13:45","modified_gmt":"2023-11-21T22:13:45","slug":"oracle-12c-database-authentication-methods-for-the-administrators","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.samplewebsitelink.com\/ordba\/2023\/11\/21\/oracle-12c-database-authentication-methods-for-the-administrators\/","title":{"rendered":"ORACLE 12C DATABASE AUTHENTICATION METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ordba.net\/rdbmsimages\/a8.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ORACLE 12C DATABASE AUTHENTICATION METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The purpose of differentiating these authentication methods was to differentiate the roles and also secure the database and the docs read<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDatabase Administrators can authenticate database administrators through the data dictionary, (using an account password) like other users. Keep in mind that database passwords are case-sensitive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Database Administrator Authentication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a DBA, you often perform special operations such as shutting down or starting up a database. Because only a DBA should perform these operations, the database administrator user names require a secure authentication scheme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Administrative Privileges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Administrative privileges that are required for an administrator to perform basic database operations are granted through the following special system privileges:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SYSDBA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SYSOPER<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SYSBACKUP<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SYSDG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SYSKM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You must have one of these privileges granted to you, depending upon the level of authorization you require.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Starting with Oracle Database 12c, the&nbsp;SYSBACKUP,&nbsp;SYSDG, and&nbsp;SYSKM&nbsp;administrative privileges are available. Each new administrative privilege grants the minimum required privileges to complete tasks in each area of administration. The new administrative privileges enable you to avoid granting&nbsp;SYSDBAadministrative privilege for many common tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These administrative privileges allow access to a database instance even when the database is not open. Control of these privileges is totally outside of the database itself. Methods for authenticating database administrators with these privileges include operating system (OS) authentication, password files, and strong authentication with a directory-based authentication service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These privileges can also be thought of as types of connections that enable you to perform certain database operations for which privileges cannot be granted in any other fashion. For example, if you have the&nbsp;SYSDBA&nbsp;privilege, then you can connect to the database by specifying&nbsp;CONNECT AS SYSDBA&nbsp;and perform&nbsp;STARTUP&nbsp;and&nbsp;SHUTDOWN&nbsp;operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operations Authorized by Administrative Privileges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following table lists the operations that are authorized by each administrative privilege:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Administrative Privilege<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Operations Authorized<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SYSDBA<\/td><td>Perform&nbsp;STARTUP&nbsp;and&nbsp;SHUTDOWN&nbsp;operationsALTER DATABASE: open, mount, back up, or change character setCREATE DATABASEDROP DATABASECREATE SPFILEALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOGALTER DATABASE RECOVERIncludes the&nbsp;RESTRICTED SESSION&nbsp;privilegeThis administrative privilege allows most operations, including the ability to view user data. It is the most powerful administrative privilege.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYSOPER<\/td><td>Perform&nbsp;STARTUP&nbsp;and&nbsp;SHUTDOWN&nbsp;operationsCREATE SPFILEALTER DATABASE: open, mount, or back upALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOGALTER DATABASE RECOVER&nbsp;(Complete recovery only. Any form of incomplete recovery, such as&nbsp;UNTIL TIME|CHANGE|CANCEL|CONTROLFILE&nbsp;requires connecting as&nbsp;SYSDBA.)Includes the&nbsp;RESTRICTED SESSION&nbsp;privilegeThis privilege allows a user to perform basic operational tasks, but without the ability to view user data.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYSBACKUP<\/td><td>This privilege allows a user to perform backup and recovery operations either from Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN) or SQL*Plus.See&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/cd\/E16655_01\/network.121\/e17607\/authorization.htm#DBSEG785\"><em>Oracle Database Security Guide<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;for the full list of operations allowed by this administrative privilege.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYSDG<\/td><td>This privilege allows a user to perform Data Guard operations. You can use this privilege with either Data Guard Broker or the&nbsp;DGMGRL&nbsp;command-line interface.See&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/cd\/E16655_01\/network.121\/e17607\/authorization.htm#DBSEG786\"><em>Oracle Database Security Guide<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;for the full list of operations allowed by this administrative privilege.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYSKM<\/td><td>This privilege allows a user to perform Transparent Data Encryption keystoreoperations.See&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/cd\/E16655_01\/network.121\/e17607\/authorization.htm#DBSEG787\"><em>Oracle Database Security Guide<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;for the full list of operations allowed by this administrative privilege.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The manner in which you are authorized to use these privileges depends upon the method of authentication that you use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you connect with an administrative privilege, you connect with a current schema that is not generally associated with your username. For&nbsp;SYSDBA, the current schema is&nbsp;SYS. For&nbsp;SYSOPER, the current schema is&nbsp;PUBLIC. For&nbsp;SYSBACKUP,&nbsp;SYSDG, and&nbsp;SYSKM, the current schema is&nbsp;SYS&nbsp;for name resolution purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also, when you connect with an administrative privilege, you connect with a specific session user. When you connect as&nbsp;SYSDBA, the session user is&nbsp;SYS. ForSYSOPER, the session user is&nbsp;PUBLIC. For&nbsp;SYSBACKUP,&nbsp;SYSDG, and&nbsp;SYSKM, the session user is&nbsp;SYSBACKUP,&nbsp;SYSDG, and&nbsp;SYSKM, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current Schema When Connecting AS SYSDBA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This example illustrates that a user is assigned another schema (SYS) when connecting with the&nbsp;SYSDBA&nbsp;administrative privilege. Assume that the sample usermydba&nbsp;has been granted the&nbsp;SYSDBA&nbsp;administrative privilege and has issued the following command and statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CONNECT mydba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CREATE TABLE admin_test(name VARCHAR2(20));<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later, user&nbsp;mydba&nbsp;issues this command and statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CONNECT mydba AS SYSDBA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SELECT * FROM admin_test;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">User&nbsp;mydba&nbsp;now receives the following error:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oracle.com\/pls\/db112\/lookup?id=ORA-00942\">ORA-00942<\/a>: table or view does not exist<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Having connected as&nbsp;SYSDBA, user&nbsp;mydba&nbsp;now references the&nbsp;SYS&nbsp;schema, but the table was created in the&nbsp;mydba&nbsp;schema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current Schema and Session User When Connecting AS SYSBACKUP<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This example illustrates that a user is assigned another schema (SYS) and another session user (SYSBACKUP) when connecting with the&nbsp;SYSBACKUPadministrative privilege. Assume that the sample user&nbsp;mydba&nbsp;has been granted the&nbsp;SYSBACKUP&nbsp;administrative privilege and has issued the following command and statements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CONNECT mydba AS SYSBACKUP<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SELECT SYS_CONTEXT(&#8216;USERENV&#8217;, &#8216;CURRENT_SCHEMA&#8217;) FROM DUAL;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SYS_CONTEXT(&#8216;USERENV&#8217;,&#8217;CURRENT_SCHEMA&#8217;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SYS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SELECT SYS_CONTEXT(&#8216;USERENV&#8217;, &#8216;SESSION_USER&#8217;) FROM DUAL;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SYS_CONTEXT(&#8216;USERENV&#8217;,&#8217;SESSION_USER&#8217;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SYSBACKUP<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-PFILE ORACLE_HOMEDATABASEinitu16.ora<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You must decide the SID, Password, and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Create init.ora file<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SET ORACLE_SID=<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Make the current SID<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Prepare the parameter file<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">useinit.ora as a parameter file template<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">db_name =<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ORACLE 12C DATABASE AUTHENTICATION METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS The purpose of differentiating these authentication methods was to differentiate the roles and also secure the database and the docs read \u201cDatabase Administrators can authenticate database administrators through the data dictionary, (using an account password) like other users. Keep in mind that database passwords are case-sensitive.\u201d Database &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/test.samplewebsitelink.com\/ordba\/2023\/11\/21\/oracle-12c-database-authentication-methods-for-the-administrators\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">ORACLE 12C DATABASE AUTHENTICATION METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":504,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-oracle"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>ORACLE 12C DATABASE AUTHENTICATION METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS - Ordba<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.samplewebsitelink.com\/ordba\/2023\/11\/21\/oracle-12c-database-authentication-methods-for-the-administrators\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ORACLE 12C DATABASE AUTHENTICATION METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS - Ordba\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"ORACLE 12C DATABASE AUTHENTICATION METHODS FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS The purpose of differentiating these authentication methods was to differentiate the roles and also secure the database and the docs read \u201cDatabase Administrators can authenticate database administrators through the data dictionary, (using an account password) like other users. 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